Anatomical variation of brachial artery bifurcation

To observe the topographic localization of the brachial artery termination. This study was conducted at the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from December 2011 to February 2013. The bifurcation level of the brachial artery was determined in relation to the neck of the radius. Normal and abnormal terminations of the brachial artery were recorded. In 13 cases [21.7%], the bifurcation of brachial artery was normal. In 33 cases [6%], the bifurcation level was a few centimeters below the neck of the radius. In 7 cases [11.7%], the bifurcation level was above the radial neck in the area of cubital fossa. In 6 cases [10%], the termination of the brachial artery was found to be above the middle of the front of the arm. In one of the previous cases, the radial artery arose from the brachial artery on the medial side of the ulnar artery. In one case [1.7%], the radial and the ulnar arteries originated directly from the axillary artery, the brachial artery was absent. Morphological variations of the brachial artery are common findings and should be considered by surgeons when performing procedures in the brachial artery area

effects of diethylstilbestrol administration on rat kidney. Ultrastructural study

To assess the histological and ultrastructural changes that can be induced by diethylstilbestrol [DES] on renal tissues using histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural methods. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups [10 rats each]: Group 1 - control; Group 2 - received DES at a dose of 60 micro g/kg/day, dissolved in 0.1 ml corn oil for 20 days; and Group 3 - received the same dose of DES for 50 days by oral gavage. The renal tissues were studied histologically, immunohistochemically [using an anti-BCL2-associated X protein [BAX protein] antibody], and ultrastructurally. This study was carried out at the Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia between December 2011 and December 2012. The DES administration for 50 days caused noticeable degeneration, and alteration of the morphology of the renal tissues in the form of damaged renal tubules with loss of the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules and increased cellularity of the glomeruli. In addition, there was a significant increase in BAX protein expression based on immunoreactivity, and in renal tubules, as well as glomerular cells. These changes were less obvious after 20 days of treatment. Non-steroidal, synthetic estrogens showed harmful effects on the renal tissues and altered their morphology with an increased number of apoptotic cells, and these changes were duration dependent